На заре человечества - Страница 120

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Agnar Helgason et al., «A Population-wide Coalescent Analysis of Icelandic Matrilineal and Patrilineal Genealogies: Evidence for a Faster Evolutionary Rate of mtDNA Lineages than Y Chromosomes,» American Journal of Human Genetics 72:1370–1388 (2003).

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M. F. Hammer et al, "Jewish and Middle Eastern Non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes, "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:6769–6774 (2000).

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Mark G. Thomas et al., «Founding Mothers of Jewish Communities: Geographically Separated Jewish Groups Were Independently Founded by Very Few Female Ancestors,» American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1411–1420 (2002).

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Harry Ostrer, «A Genetic Profile of Contemporary Jewish Populations,» Nature Review Genetics 2:891–898 (2001).

326

Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness, University of California Press, 1999, p. 303.

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Denise Grady, «Father Doesn't Always Know Best,» New York Times, July 7, 1988, Section 4, p. 4.

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Yaakov Kleiman, «The DNA Chain of Tradition,» www.cohen-levi.org.

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Karl Skorecki et al., «Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests,» Nature 385:32 (1997).

330

Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, Free Press, 2001, p. 98.

331

Mark G. Thomas et al., «Origins of Old Testament Priests,» Nature 394:138–139 (1998).

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James S. Boster, Richard R. Hudson, and Steven J. C. Gaulin, «High Paternity Certain ties of Jewish Priests,» American Anthropologist 111 (4):967–971 (1999).

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Doron M. Behar et al., «Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries,» American Journal of Human Genetics 73:768–779 (2003).

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Nicholas Wade, «Geneticists Report Finding Central Asian Link to Levites,» New York Times, September 27, 2003, p. A2.

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Harry Ostrer, «A Genetic Profile of Contemporary Jewish Populations,» 336. Jared M. Diamond, «Jewish Lysosomes,» Nature 368:291–292 (1994).

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Neil Risch et al., «Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,» American Journal of Human Genetics 72:812–822 (2003).

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Montgomery Slatkin, «A Population-Genetic Test of Founder Effects and Implications for Ashkenazi Jewish Diseases,» American Journal of Human Genetics 75:282–293 (2004).

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Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending, «Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,» Journal of Biosocial Science, in press (2005).

339

Melvin Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews, Viking Compass, 2003, p. 198.

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Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind, Oxford University Press, 1960, p. 187.

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Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson, Knopf, 1997.

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Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, University of Virginia Press, 1997, p. 224.

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Eugene A. Foster et al., «Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child,» Nature 396:27–28 (1998).

344

Nicholas Wade, «Defenders of Jefferson Renew Attack on DNA Data Linking Him to Slave Child,» New York Times, January 7, 1999, p. A20.

345

Edward O. Wilson, Consilience, Alfred A. Knopf 1998, p. 286.

346

The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, «Initial Sequence of the Chimpanzee Genome and Comparison with the Human Genome,» Nature 436:69–87 (2005). 99 %-ное совпадение показывает сравнение тех последовательностей ДНК в геноме человека и шимпанзе, которые напрямую соответствуют друг другу. Совпадение уменьшается до 96 %, если учесть вставки и исключения, то есть участки ДНК, встречающиеся только в одном из геномов.

347

Louise Barrett, Robin Dunbar, and John Lycett, Human Evolutionary Psychology, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 12.

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349 Mark Pagel, in Encyclopedia of Evolution, p. 330.

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Sarah A. Tishkoff et al., «Haplotype Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium at Human G6PD: Recent Origin of Alleles That Confer Malarial Resistance,» Science 293: 455–462 (2001).

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J. Claiborne Stephens et al., «Dating the Origin of the CCR5-A32 AIDS Resistance Allele by the Coalescence of Haplotypes,» American Journal of Human Genetics 62:1507–1515 (1998).

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Alison P. Galvani and Montgomery Slatkin, «Evaluating Plague and Smallpox as Historical Selective Pressures for the CCR5-A32 HIV Resistance Allele,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100:15276–15279 (2003).

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Hreinn Stefansson et al, «A Common Inversion under Selection in Europeans,» Nature Genetics 37:129–137 (2005); Nicholas Wade, «Scientists Find DNA Region That Affects Europeans' Fertility,» New York Times, January 17, 2005, p. A12.

353

Yoav Gilad et al, «Human Specific Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:3324–3327 (2003).

354

Patrick D. Evans et al., «Microcephalin, a Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans,» Science 309:1717–1720 (2005).

355

Nitzan Mekel-Bobrov et al., "Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens," Science 309:1720–1722 (2005).

356

Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, Random House, 1994.

357

Quoted in Bobbi S. Low, Why Sex Matters, Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 57.

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Elizabeth A. D. Hammock and Larry J. Young, «Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits,» Science 308:1630–1634 (2005).

359

Richard E. Nisbett, The Geography of Thought, Free Press (2003).

360

Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture, Doubleday, 2001, p. 54.

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Nicholas Wade, «Can It Be? The End of Evolution?» New York Times, August 24, 2003, Section 4, p. 1.

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Bobbi S. Low, Sex, Wealth, and Fertility, in Adaptation and Human Behavior, edited by Lee Cronk, Napeoleon Chagnon and William Irons, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, p. 340.

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Дело в том, что для производства сперматозоидов или яйцеклеток хромосома, полученная от матери, должна соединиться с соответствующей отцовской. Чтобы объединение прошло успешно, ДНК обеих хромосом должны достаточно полно совпадать по всей длине. Если хромосомы слишком различаются, содержат много несовпадающих блоков ДНК, они не смогут слиться, полноценные сперматозоиды или яйцеклетки не образуются, и особь останется бесплодной. M. A. Jobling et al., Human Evolutionary Genetics, Garland, 2004, p. 434.

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