На заре человечества - Страница 119

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Colin Renfrew, Archaeology and Language, Jonathan Cape, 1987.

274

L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 296–299.

275

Там же, с. 299.

276

Marek Zvelebil, «Demography and Dispersal of Early Farming Populations at the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition: Linguistic and Genetic Implications,» in Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew, ed., Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2002, p. 381.

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Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask, eds., Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000.

278

Bill J. Darden, «On the Question of the Anatolian Origin of Indo-Hittite,» in Great Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family, Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 38, Institute for the Study of Man, 2001.

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Mark Pagel, «Maximum-Likelihood Methods for Glottochronology and for Reconstructing Linguistic Phylogenies,» in Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask, eds., Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, p. 198.

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K. Bergsland and H. Vogt, «On the Validity of Glottochronology,» Current Anthropology 3:115–153 (1962).

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Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, «Language-Tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin,» Nature 426:435–439 (2003).

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Peter Forster and Alfred Toth, «Toward a Phylogenetic Chronology of Ancient Gaulish, Celtic and Indo European,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:9079–9084 (2003).

283

Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 1.

284

Christopher Ehret, «Language and History,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 272–298; «Testing the Expectations of Glottochronology against the Correlations of Language and Archaeology in Africa,» in Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask, eds., Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2000 pp. 373–401.

285

Richard J. Hayward, «Afroasiatic,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 79–98.

286

Christopher Ehret, «Language and History,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 290.

287

Nicholas Wade, «Joseph Greenberg, 85, Singular Linguist, Dies,» New York Times May 15, 2001, p. A23.

288

Joseph H. Greenberg, «Language in the Americas,» Stanford University Press, 1987.

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L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 317, 96.

290

Там же, с. 99.

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L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Eric Minch, and J. L. Mountain, «Coevolution of Genes and Languages Revisited,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89:5620–5624 (1992).

292

M. Lionel Bender, in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 54.

293

Пример взят из Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics, MIT Press 1999 p. 111.

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Richard Hayward, in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cam bridge University Press, 2000, p. 86.

295

Nicholas Wade, «Scientist at Work: Joseph H. Greenberg; What We All Spoke When the World Was Young,» New York Times, February 1, 2000, p. F1.

296

Joseph H. Greenberg, Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives, Volume 1: Grammar, Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 217.

297

Joseph H. Greenberg, Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives, Volume 2: Lexicon, Stanford University Press, 2002.

298

Там же, с. 2.

299

Nicholas Wade, «Joseph Greenberg, 85, Singular Linguist, Dies,» New York Times, May 15, 2001, p. A23; Harold C. Fleming, «Joseph Harold Greenberg: A Tribute and an Appraisal,» Mother Tongue: The Journal VI: 9–27 (2000–2001).

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Johanna Nichols, «Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics,» Annual Review of Anthropology, 26:359–384 (1979).

301

Mark Pagel, «Maximum-Likelihood Methods for Glottochronology and for Reconstructing Linguistic Phylogenies.»

302

Merritt Ruhlen, The Origin of Language, Wiley, 1994, p. 115.

303

Tatiana Zerjal et al., «The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols,» American Journal of Hu man Genetics 72:717–721 (2003).

304

Ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, trans. J. A. Boyle, Manchester University Press, 1958, vol. 2, p. 594.

305

Nicholas Wade, «A Prolifi c Genghis Khan, It Seems, Helped People the World,» New York Times, February 11, 2003, p. F3.

306

Yali Xue et al., «Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia,» American Journal of Human Genetics, 77:1112–1116 (2005).

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В северо-западной Ирландии целых 20 % мужчин обладают особенным набором мутаций в Y-хромосоме, известным как ирландский модальный гаплотип. Фамилии у многих из них восходят к Уи Нейллам, группе династий верховных королей Ирландии, правивших северо-западом и другими областями страны приблизительно с 600 по 900 г. Имя Уи Нейлл переводится как «потомки Ниалла». Историки были склонны считать их политическим образованием, а патриарха Ниалла Девять Заложников – легендарной фигурой. Генетическое исследование дает четкие доказательства того, что Ниалл Девять Заложников существовал в действительности: это открытие столь же поразительное, как если бы легенды о короле Артуре оказались исторической правдой. Ирландский модальный гаплотип, ярлык потомков Ниалла, чаще всего встречается в северо-западной Ирландии, но кроме того – в ирландской диаспоре: им обладают не менее 1 % жителей Нью-Йорка европейского происхождения. Очевидно, не стоит воспринимать слишком скептически слова ирландцев, когда они говорят, что в их жилах течет королевская кровь. Laoise T. Moore et al., «A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland,» American Journal of Human Genetics 78:334–338 (2006).

308

George Redmonds, interview, April 5, 2000.

309

Bryan Sykes, Adam's Curse, W. W. Norton, 2004, p. 7.

310

Bryan Sykes and Catherine Irven, «Surnames and the Y Chromosome,» American Journal of Human Genetics 66:1417–1419 (2000).

311

Nicholas Wade, «If Biology Is Ancestry, Are These People Related?» New York Times, April 9, 2000, Section 4, p. 4.

312

Bryan Sykes, Adam's Curse, p. 18.

313

Cristian Capelli et al., «A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles,» Current Biology 13:979–984 (2003).

314

Emmeline W. Hill, Mark A. Jobling, and Daniel G. Bradley, «Y-chromosome Variation and Irish Origins,» Nature 404: 351 (2000); Nicholas Wade, «Researchers Trace Roots of Irish and Wind Up in Spain,» New York Times, March 23, 2000, p. A13; Nicholas Wade, «Y Chromosomes Sketch New Outline of British History,» New York Times, May 27, 2003, p. F2.

315

James F. Wilson et al., «Genetic Evidence for Different Male and Female Roles During Cultural Transitions in the British Isles,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98:5078–5083 (2001).

316

Norman Davies, The Isles, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 3.

317

Benedikt Hallgrimsson et al, «Composition of the Founding Population of Iceland: Biological Distance and Morphological Variation in Early Historic Atlantic Europe,» American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:257–274 (2004).

318

Agnar Helgason et al., «Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland,» American Journal of Human Genetics 67:697–717 (2000).

319

Agnar Helgason et al., «mtDNA and the Origin of the Icelanders: Deciphering Signals of Recent Population History,» American Journal of Human Genetics 66:999–1016 (2000).

320

Benedikt Hallgrimsson et al., «Composition of the Founding Population of Iceland.»

321

Nicholas Wade, «A Genomic Treasure Hunt May Be Striking Gold,» New York Times, June 18, 2002, p. F1.

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