На заре человечества - Страница 117

117

173

Ornella Semino et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: AY Chromosome Perspective," Science 290:1155–1159 (2000).

174

Roy King and Peter A. Underhill, «Congruent Distribution of Neolithic Painted Pottery and Ceramic Figurines with Y-Chromosome Lineages,» Antiquity 76:707–714 (2002).

175

Благодарю свою читательницу, кулинарного обозревателя Энн Мендельсон, обратившую мое внимание на то, что во многих частях мира люди потребляют молоко только в сквашенном виде, в продуктах вроде йогурта, где лактоза уже трансформировалась благодаря работе бактерий в молочную кислоту. В таких условиях не возникает стимула для развития переносимости лактозы. Тем не менее она у человека возникла, так что люди культуры воронкообразных кубков, видимо, употребляли молоко парным, возможно, потому, что не умели сквашивать.

176

Albano Beja-Pereira et al., «Gene-Culture Coevolution between Cattle Milk Protein Genes and Human Lactase Genes,» Nature Genetics 35:311–315 (2003).

177

Nabil Sabri Enattah et al., «Identification of a Variant Associated with Adult-type Hypolactasia,» Nature Genetics 30:233–237 (2002).

178

Todd Bersaglieri et al., «Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene,» American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1111–1120 (2004).

179

Charlotte A. Mulcare et al., «The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans,» American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1102–1110 (2004).

180

Napoleon Chagnon, «Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,» Science 239:985–992 (1988).

181

Anne E. Pusey, in Frans В. M. de Waal, ed., Tree of Origin, Harvard University Press 2001, p. 21.

182

John C. Mitani, David R Watts, and Martin N. Muller, «Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior,» Evolutionary Anthropology 11:9–25 (2002).

183

Anne E. Pusey, Tree of Origin, p. 26.

184

Julie L. Constable, Mary V. Ashley, Jane Goodall, and Anne E. Pusey, «Noninvasive Paternity Assignment in Gombe Chimpanzees,» Molecular Ecology 10:1279–1300 (2001).

185

Anne Pusey, Jennifer Williams, and Jane Goodall, «The Influence of Dominance Rank on the Reproductive Success of Female Chimpanzees,» Science 277:828–831 (1997).

186

A. Whiten et al., «Cultures in Chimpanzees,» Nature 399:682 (1999).

187

W. C. McGrew, «Tools Compared,» in Richard W. Wrangham et al., eds.,Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 25.

188

Richard W. Wrangham et al., Demonic Males, Houghton Mifflin, 1996, p. 226.

189

Some experts argue that chimps are derived from bonobos, but the direction of change makes no difference here.

190

Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape, Riverhead Books, 2005, p. 221.

191

John C. Mitani, David R Watts, and Martin N. Muller, «Recent Developments in the Study of Wild Chimpanzee Behavior,» Evolutionary Anthropology 11:9–25 (2002).

192

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 1997, p. 189.

193

Там же, с. 97.

194

Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 174.

195

Там же, с. 33.

196

Steven A. LeBlanc, Constant Battles, St. Martin s Press, 2003, p. 8.

197

Simon Mead et al., «Balancing Selection at the Prion Protein Gene Consistent with Prehistoric Kurulike Epidemics,» Science 300:640–643 (2003).

198

Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 114.

199

Louise Barrett, Robin Dunbar, and John Lycett, Human Evolutionary Psychology, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 64.

200

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 1997, p. 76.

201

Napoleon Chagnon, «Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,» Science 239:985–992 (1988).

202

Napoleon A. Chagnon, Yanomamo, p. 77.

203

David M. Buss, Evolutionary Psychology, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, 2004, p. 257.

204

Robert L. Trivers, «The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,» Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35–57, 1971.

205

Following Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works, W. W. Norton, 1997, pp. 404–405.

206

Matt Ridley, The Origins of Virtue, Viking, 1996, p. 197.

207

Paul Seabright, «The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life,» Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 28.

208

Michael Kosfeld et al., «Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,» Nature 435:673–676 (2005).

209

Roy A. Rappaport, «The Sacred in Human Evolution,» Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44 (1971).

210

Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, «The Coevolution of Ritual and Society: New HC Dates from Ancient Mexico,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18252–18261 (2004).

211

Richard Sosis, «Why Aren't We all Hutterites?» Human Nature 14:91–127 (2003).

212

Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature, Harvard University Press, 1978, p. 175.

213

Frank W Marlowe, «A Critical Period for Provisioning by Hadza Men: Implications for Pair Bonding,» Evolution and Human Behavior 24:217–229 (2003).

214

Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 41.

215

Nicholas Wade, «Battle of the Sexes is Discerned in Sperm,» New York Times February 22, 2000, p. F1.

216

Alan F. Dixson, Primate Sexuality, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 218.

217

Gerald J. Wyckoff, Wen Wang, and Chung-I Wu, «Rapid Evolution of Male Reproductive Genes in the Descent of Man,» Nature 403:304–309 (2000).

218

В репродуктивном тракте женщины сперматозоиды обычно живут не дольше 48 часов, хотя бывают случаи, когда они выживают и до пяти дней. Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, p. 67. Tim Birkhead, Promiscuity, p. 67.

219

Robin Baker, Sperm Wars, Basic Books, 1996, p. 38. Baker has contributed several novel findings to this field but some have not survived challenge by other researchers; see Birkhead, as cited, pp. 23–29.

220

W H. James, «The Incidence of Superfecundation and of Double Paternity in the General Population,» Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 42:257–262 (1993).

221

R. E. Wenk et al., «How Frequent is Heteropaternal Superfecundation?» Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 41:43–47 (1992).

222

Louise Barrett, Robin Dunbar, and John Lycett, Human Evolutionary Psychology, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 181.

223

Bobbi S. Low, Why Sex Matters, Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 80.

224

David M. Buss, Evolutionary Psychology, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, 2004, p. 112.

225

Там же, с. 117.

226

Geoffrey Miller, The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature, Doubleday, 2000.

227

Marta Mirazon Lahr, The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 263.

228

Там же, с. 337.

229

Marta Mirazon Lahr and Richard V. S. Wright, "The Question of Robusticity and the Relationship Between Cranial Size and Shape in Homo sapiens," Journal of Human Evolution 31:157–191 (1996).

230

Helen M. Leach, «Human Domestication Reconsidered,» Current Anthropology 44:349–368 (2003).

231

Там же, с. 360.

232

Richard Wrangham, interview, Edge, February 2, 2002, www.edge.org.

233

Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies, 2nd ed., Stan ford University Press, 2000.

234

www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/to/pic/en/annex_2_en.pdf.

235

Derek V. Exner et al., «Lesser Response to Angiotensin-convertingenzyme Inhibitor Therapy in Black as Compared with White Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction,» New England Journal of Medicine 344:1351–1357 (2001).

236

Anne L. Taylor et al., «Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine in Blacks with Heart Failure,» New England Journal of Medicine 351:2049–2057, 2004; Nicholas Wade, "Race-Based Medicine Continued, "New York Times November 14, 2004, Section 4, p. 12.

237

Robert S. Schwartz, «Racial Profiling in Medical Research,» New England Journal of Medicine 344:1392–1393 (2001).

117